Outline
	Þ Methods: Patch clamp recordings, fluorescent dye labeling, immunocytochemistry… Þ Effects of opioids on RVL bulbospinal neurons: Presynaptic versus postsynaptic effects Þ Norepinephrine and the antihypertensive imdazoline drugs: Presynaptic effects and interactions with adrenergic receptors. Þ Future directions: Mechanism of action of the indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs. Þ Synchrony and synaptic interactions in the brain: the olfactory bulb model